Negotiation Purpose Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Negotiation. Answer: Negotiation Negotiation is a discussion between two or more parties or individuals which is meant for the purpose of ensuring a solution or agreeable outcome to a situation is achieved. The situation being discussed may be a conflict or a problem which is being faced by two or more worrying parties. The outcome of a negotiation is usually set to be beneficial to both parties involved. However, in some cases the outcome of a negotiation can be beneficial to some of the parties involved and not all of them. The main aim of endeavoring into a negotiation is to ensure an agreeable outcome is achieved (Marks 2011, p.387). When a negotiation is being undertaken the initial process is for one party to table their position and then all the parties involved debate around this position tailoring it to their needs until an agreeable solution is achieved. Negotiations happen every day in various settings. Whether it is a small issue or a global problem, negotiations usually happen so that major repercussion s are avoided or mitigated. Negotiations can be done through the use of a professional negotiator who has been tasked to act on behalf of a specific party or organization. Negotiation is also referred to as hard bargaining or positional negotiation (Pease, Barbara Alan 2006, n.p.). This is because in a negotiation a certain position is brought forward then debated until an amicable solution is achieved. Distributed negotiation is a type on negotiation which is believed to be that when on party benefits it is at the expense of the other. Due to this case it is commonly referred to as win-lose negotiation. Integrative negotiation is a negotiation type which is also called principal, merit-based or interest-based negotiation (Lewicki, Saunders Minton 2001, p.82). This type of negotiation works by trying to improve the chances of a negotiation becoming a success understanding that different parties want different things and outcomes. Bad faith negotiation is whereby one party tries to show that they are intereste d in achieved a solution but they actually do not want to achieve a compromise. Negotiation is a necessary avenue to ensure issues which are faced by different parties achieve a compromise. In this paper we shall discuss negotiation based on various premises. We shall dwell on Apple which is a multinational technology company. Apple is a huge company with a wide array of technological products such as the Iphone. Apple being such a huge company it faces various issues as is undertakes its business. It needs to have active and professional negotiators who are skilled in various aspects to ensure the outcome of a negotiation is something in which they can compromise upon (Sagi Diermeier 2015, n.p.). When Apple is choosing its negotiators it needs to screen all the qualified people who can appropriately fill the shoes of a negotiator. Apple does this by choosing individuals who are good communicators. For an individual to become a good negotiator one of the key attributes is them being able to communicate well and without fear. This enables them to be heard and th ey have a fair chance of negotiating well for the company. A negotiator in Apple is chosen based on the specific skill set the individual may have. The skill set of a negotiator in Apple should typically be an individual who is technology savvy and is very conversant with the business environment in which Apple runs in. Such a person stands out when negotiators are being chosen because they are aware of the company and its needs and will always negotiate the deals which appropriately in line with the company. In Apple, a negotiator is chosen also by their level of pro-activity. A negotiator needs to be someone who is always on their feet and will go the extra mile in all they do to ensure the best interests of the company are well maintained in any negotiation process (Gates 2011, p.232).. Individuals who have proven resourceful and innovative are also chosen usually within Apple. This is because in a negotiation, the issue at hand may go very wrong for the company very fast. It is up to the negotiator to come up with ways in which they can ensure the outcome of the negotiation goes well for the company. The training of negotiators can be done on and off the job. In this case negotiators can be trained on the job by learning all the factors that are associated with the business. When they learn these factors they gain knowledge on the best conditions which will be needed to best fit the company (Saner 2000, p.40).. This will enable them to know how they can negotiate for the company in various issues and gain the best outcome for the company. The trainings which are done off the job can be undertaken through various events and workshops. These kinds of events ensure that the negotiators are taught actively on how best they can gain skills which will enable them to be good at what they do. Workshops are also important because individuals who attend them will be trained on the best and most effective skills and strategies needed to become good negotiators. In such workshops the negotiators will also be updated on the latest trends in negotiation which can enable them to become very effective and marketable as they work for their company to win negotiations (Forsyth 2009, p.380). There are companies which do not have the capacity to have in house negotiators due to various reasons such as monetary restraints. These companies have the opportunity to hire negotiators who can act on their behalf as agents whenever they need their services. It is imperative that any company discovers the for negotiators and have them close so th at they can negotiate on their behalf to ensure they reach a good compromise whenever any issue arises. Negotiators are not necessary individuals to be kept in-house but when the need arises they can be called upon to act on behalf of the organization (Shell 2006, n.p.). In a company such as Apple there are always in house negotiators who work for the benefit of the company. They are tasked with ensuring that all negotiation processes are handled professionally and that the company may get the best or most appropriate results from any negotiation process. At Apple, before any negotiation takes place there are processes which are undertaken to ensure that the company has a good chance of achieving a favorable outcome. Firstly, the issues or topic to be negotiated upon needs to be clearly understood. The company has to call upon its employees who are conversant in their various departments and bring in the needed expertise and experience to be able to negotiate. After the employees are called upon the matter is analyzed and the company comes up with positional scenarios which are the various outcomes the company can accept so that the negotiation is a success (Journal of Organizational Behavior 2006, p.270). The process of understanding the problem and analyzing the various positional scenarios will ensure that the company can be prepared to negotiate well with the involved parties. The preparation phase of a negotiation process can be improved by having the company have regular analysis of any issues which they might face so that if th ere ever arises an issue in which the company might dwell in negotiations with the involved parties they are always ready (Coburn 2012, n.p.). The company can also organize simulated problems or issues based on the company and have the employees engage in active negotiation sessions which are supervised by experts to ensure that everyone involved within the company can have the necessary skilled which are needed to become a top notch negotiator. Post negotiation process is the process which comes after a negotiation has happened and the parties involved have reached a compromise. In most companies this process is very shallow in that, the parties involved only fulfill the terms of their compromise. It is important to have a very in-depth post negotiation process. This is because engaging with parties who you might have to face in a negotiation again will be good in that you can always identify potential issues and work together to solve them before they become a headache to the company. The post negotiation process can also be used as a platform for negotiators from all involved parties to help each other improve on their skills (Van Kleef, De Dreu Manstead 2004, p.65). The presence of these individuals discussing and helping each other improve on their skills will enable them to become better negotiators in future. At Apple, the post negotiation process is viewed as an important step in ensuring the success of a negotiatio n is achieved. The post negotiation process at Apple is part of the whole negotiation cycle which means that without it a negotiation is not complete. The negotiation process should be reviewed because it is a very practical case study in which the company and parties involved can learn of their strengths and weaknesses and therefore improve on them. A negotiation process like any other process involves various steps which need to be undertaken to ensure a feasible outcome is achieved (Brazeal 2009, p.1). For any party involved in a negotiation, the review of such a process will ensure that they can learn on the areas which they are good at and continue improving on them. They will also learn on the weaknesses in which they may have and the company can organize workshops and trainings where the negotiators will be taught on how to capitalize on their weaknesses and turn them into their strengths. At Apple reviewing of the negotiation process is very important. In a particular case, a negotiator may not have fully prepared themselves when walking into a negotiation. The negotiator and the whole company needs to learn from the mistak e by reviewing the negotiation process. This will ensure that any future occurrences of such a scenario will have the negotiators at Apple ready to handle any matter because they have done in depth due diligence and preparation before the negotiation begins (Albarracin Kumkale 2003, p.456). After undergoing the review process, the negotiator will become more familiar with the whole process and in the end he or she will help the company get the best outcome for the company from any negotiation process (Veechi, Van Hasselt Romano 2005, p.543). The negotiation process can also be reviewed by playing back recordings from the negotiation process in the presence of another professional negotiator who can be able to single out the instances whereby the negotiator would have approached a matter so that it would have been more beneficial to the company. The notes taken during a negotiation can be reviewed to ensure that negotiators are always aware of their actions and what more they might have done to improve the chances of the negotiation being very beneficial to the company (Bazerman, Curhan, Moore Valley 2000, p.301.). A good example is a negotiation process in which occurred between Apple and ATT. The purpose of the negotiation was to ensure that Apple would get a good price on their iphones if they were sold on contract through ATT. The arrangement was usually mutually beneficial but this time Apple wanted more money because they had a huge demand for their iphones. The other mobile operators had agreed to Apples offer but ATT did not. Apple was at a disadvantage because ATT had a very large customer base which they could not accept to pass by them. The two companies held a negotiation to agree on the best solution for them to work together. After various positions were brought forward by both companies, the solution agreed upon was that Apple would get the additional money if on every sale of an iphone they gave a discount on the second purchase. Apple would make more money because most people would buy only one iphone and ATT would get the business of the clients who bought those iphones. The n egotiation was a success because both parties involved which were Apple and ATT had very good negotiators who had done their due diligence and were able to communicate audibly and effectively during the negotiations (Barry, Fulmer Van Kleef 2004, p.81). The negotiations would have been improved by having both parties being more cooperative from the initialization of the issue. Apple and ATT had both held their ground when the issue arose and this in effect hurt their business. Even though sales were being made through other service providers, they were not that good as compared to them passing through ATT. The negotiation process should have been done immediately the issue came up so that the solution would be achieved and both parties would benefit from doing business together. References Albarracin D. Kumkale G.T. (2003). Affect as Information in Persuasion: A Model of Affect Identification and Discounting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 84(3): 453-469. Barry B., Fulmer I.S. Van Kleef G.A. (2004). I laughed, I cried, I settled: The role of emotion in negotiation. The handbook of negotiation and culture. Stanford University Press. pp.71-94. Bazerman M.H., Curhan J.R., Moore D.A. Valley K.L. (2000). Negotiation. Annual Review of Psychology. 51:279-314. Brazeal G. (2009). Against Gridlock: The Viability of Interest-Based Legislative Negotiation. Harvard Law Policy Review.3, p.1. Coburn C. (2012). Neutralizing Manipulative Negotiation Tactics. Negotiation Training Solutions. Conflict and conflict management: Reflections and update. (2006). Journal of Organizational Behavior. 13: 265-274. Forsyth D. (2009). Group dynamics. Wadsworth Pub Co. pp. 379-409. Gates S. (2011). The Negotiation Book. A John Wiley and Sons LTD Publication. p. 232. Lewicki R.J., Saunders D.M. Minton J.W. (2001). Essentials of Negotiation. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 82. Marks M.H.C. (2011). Who Asks and Who Receives in Salary Negotiation. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 32:371-394. Pease, Barbara Alan (2006). The Definitive Book of Body Language. Bantam Dell. Sagi E. Diermeier D. (2015). Language Use and Coalition Formation in Multiparty Negotiations. Cognitive Science. Saner R. (2000). The Expert Negotiator, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. p.40. Shell R.G. (2006). Bargaining for advantage. Penguin Books. Van Kleef G.A., De Dreu C.K.W. Manstead A.S.R. (2004). The interpersonal effects of anger and happiness in negotiations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 86:57-76. Veechi G.M., Van Hasselt V.B. Romano S.J. (2005). Crisis hostage negotiation: Current strategies and issues in high risk conflict resolution. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 10(5): 535-551.

Environmental Management System

Question: Describe about human resource management. Answer: Leadership is one of the major factors for upholding the work design in the business. The organization follows participative leadership style for maintaining healthy relationship with staffs and employees in the business (Chaudhry and Javed 2012). In this context, being a leader of Tescos retail store, I am going to organize a meeting with the staffs of the business. The prime objective is to expand the business in large demographic areas. The meeting will be executed for 1 hour. During the meeting, I will welcome and settle the employees and staffs of the business. Meeting discussion: Tesco is a super market giant in the UK. The organization has been enhancing its business opportunities in the global market. The meeting includes four major components including WHS, customer service expectations, company ethics and values, environmental management (Lam and O'Higgins 2012). When meetings are perceived as nonproductive by the team, they have a negative impact, which extends beyond the actual meeting into everyday work. When team meetings are lacking focus and perceived as a waste of time, this negative impression carries over into team dynamics and a loss of confidence in the team. WHS: Work healthy safety is one of the major components for upholding the productivity of the business in an effective manner. Themodel Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulationsset out more requirements to support the duties in the Model Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act. They are model provisions only. To be legally binding they need to be enacted or passed by Parliament in each jurisdiction. Work health and safety laws indicate the state, commonwealth-based laws and territory laws. Nowadays, most organizations have been facing challenges for the work health issues. In a recent business report, it has been assessed that work health policy should be included in any size of businesses including small and medium size organization. In this context, being a team leader of the retail store, I will engage a team monitoring all work health issues in the business. Customer service expectations: Customer service expectation indicates business development process in the organization. The organization can enhance its brand image in the global platform by providing superior services to the customer. An accurate description of the basic characteristics of the different customers and their needs and an explanation of what is meant by customer service in the context of my chosen organization Customer service is the degree of assistance and courtesy granted those who patronize an organization. Customer service describes the extent to which Tesco satisfy their customers. All Tesco customers have their own individual needs. Each individual customer likes to be provided with different services to make them self-feel more comfortable. Tesco core purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. Tesco believe its success depends on people, the people that shop with them and people that work with them (Men and Stacks 2013). If Tesco customers like what Tesco offer, they are more likely to go back and shop with Tesco again and if the team find what Tesco do rewarding, they are more likely to go extra mile to help Tesco's customers. Tesco regularly ask its customers and staff what they can do to make shopping and working with Tesco a little bit better. Tesco customers have told them they want clear aisles in order to get what they want at a good price, no queues and great staff. Company ethics and values: Most big corporations follow ethics to maintain work design in the business in an effective manner. Company ethics include corporate policy, financial affairs, alleged health and safety issues, face book and Tesco and overseas cases. The Tesco supermarket chain is often involved in litigation, usually from claims of personal injury from customers, claims of unfair dismissal from staff, and other commercial matters such as the treatment of suppliers (Sahaya 2012).Tesco supermarket chain is included in litigation. With the involvement of companys ethics, the organization enhances its work design in an effective manner. Corporate policy facilitates the organization to enhance the business process management. Being an effective leader, I will be focused on implementing values in the business. Consequently, it will facilitate the organization to uphold the business in a systematic manner. Environmental management: Environmental management system(EMS) refers to the management of an organization'senvironmentalprograms in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented manner. It includes the organizational structure, planning and resources for developing, implementing and maintaining policy forenvironmental protection (Soteriou and Stavrinides 2013). More formally, EMS is "a system and database which integrates procedures and processes for training of personnel, monitoring, summarizing, and reporting of specialized environmental performance information to internal and external stakeholders of a firm. The meeting process will be executed for 1 hour and it will be conducted through a selecting strategies. Team meeting will be included discussion on below factors: Building trust with the team Maintain the organizational culture Consult with the team about the innovative approach Mentoring staffs as required by the process Identifying risk analysis in the business Maintaining positive work environment in the business Motivating employees for enhancing productivity Implementing diversity and ingenuity from team In this context, I need to manage the team meeting in an effective manner. With the involvement of considering facts, I will be able to conduct the process in a systematic manner. I will consider some factors while performing this meeting: I will discuss my position to the members attended at meetings I will be organized while making plans for the business Developing organizational standards, resources plans Develop proper set of questions for employees in the business Playing the role of an employee: In this scenario, I will play the role of an employee for understanding the process in an effective manner. By playing a role of an employee, I will be able to identify the key issues form the business. New business venture always consists of several challenges. Employees want to know the state of the company. They are interested in learning about the direction the organization is going in because it prepares the workforce for change. Developing a communication strategy about diversity is as essential as the executive officer's message about rising stock prices. Hence, the role of an employee will allow me to evaluate those challenges in the business. I need to consider some factors while playing the role of an employee in the organization. I will be prepared for the role in order to execute it in an appropriate manner. This preparation will include some steps as follows: Act professionally, throughout the process Asking question while extra information is required Answer all questions to the best of my ability By the end of the discussion, I will be aware of the strategies implemented in the business Take all suggestion from others workers regarding the issues Provide valuable suggestion to staffs and other employees to diminish the organizational issues Leadership is about getting results for your followers. If you get results, people will support you, often without caring too much, about how you got them; without results, not all the style or charisma in the world will retain the support of your followers for long. This is true for the leader of a Scout troop, a sports team, a political party, a government department and a business (Thorp et al. 2012). To be an effective leader of either a private or public sector organization requires leaders to do five things: Understand and interpret the environment in which you operate; Develop winning strategies; Execute them brilliantly; Measure the impact of your strategies systematically, adjusting strategies as indicated; and, Develop organizational, departmental, team and personal capabilities. The organizational culture is one of the major structures of the business that facilitate its effectiveness in the marketplace. Organisational culture is nothing but an ethnic culture. Work culture is a major factor that motivates employees in maintaining the healthy work environment. The organization needs to improvise the key management techniques for enhancing the business opportunity in the global platform. In this context, I will discuss two organizational culture including normative culture and Pragmatic culture. Normative culture: Normative culture is very cut and dry, following strict regulations and guidelines that uphold the policies of the organization. Employees rarely deviate from their specific job role, break rules or do anything other than what is asked of them. These types of organizations run a tight ship and are not suited for every type of employee (Carlstrm and Ekman 2012). Normative culture does not allow the employees to share their individual feedback and ideas in the business. A strict organizational culture focuses on the achievement of businesss objectives. Pragmatic culture: The first and only rule of a pragmatic culture is that the organization believes the fact Customer is always right. The customer or client comes before anything or anyone else. As every customer is different, these types of work places are very opposite of the normative culture environment, as employees do not adhere to strict rules.Pragmatic organizational culture allows employees and staffs to share their individual thoughts with their supervisors (Sultan and van de Bunt-Kokhuis 2012). On the other hand, it facilitates the management to maintain a healthy work environment in the business. n a conflict resolution utilizing the pragmatic approach, it would not be assumed that a static result would be achieved, but that a dynamic understanding could be reached allowing for changes to occur naturally as they evolve. In this context, I will include the pragmatic organizational culture in the business in order to maintain healthy work environment at the workplace. I think that the pragmatic work culture will provide adequate opportunities to the organization for expanding the business in short timeframe. In the meeting, I will discuss the pragmatic culture to the staffs as it will be involved in the business. Most employees have been hurt or disappointed, at some point in their careers, by the hand of power in an organization. That is why nine times out of ten leaders are in negative trust territory before they make their first request of an employee to do something. Before a team can reach its full potential, leaders must act in ways that transcend employees fears of organizational power. The first step starts with you. As a leader, you must go firstand model trustworthiness for everyone else. Being trustworthy creates trust, yes. However, beyond that, there are very specific things you can do to provide Unusually Excellent, trust-building leadership at your organization. In every step of the meeting, I will focus on providing adequate knowledge regarding the retail sector to the employees. With the involvement of the strategic meeting, I will enhance the business opportunity for the new retail venture. References: Carlstrm, E.D. and Ekman, I., 2012. Organisational culture and change: implementing person-centred care.Journal of health organization and management,26(2), pp.175-191. Chaudhry, A.Q. and Javed, H., 2012. Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Lam, C.S. and O'Higgins, E.R., 2012. Enhancing employee outcomes: The interrelated influences of managers' emotional intelligence and leadership style.Leadership and Organization Development Journal,33(2), pp.149-174. Men, L.R. and Stacks, D.W., 2013. The impact of leadership style and employee empowerment on perceived organizational reputation.Journal of Communication Management,17(2), pp.171-192. Sahaya, N., 2012. A learning organization as a mediator of leadership style and firms' financial performance.International Journal of Business and Management,7(14), p.96. Soteriou, A.C. and Stavrinides, Y., 2013. An internal customer service quality data envelopment analysis model for bank branches.International Journal of Bank Marketing. Sultan, N. and van de Bunt-Kokhuis, S., 2012. Organisational culture and cloud computing: coping with a disruptive innovation.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,24(2), pp.167-179. Thorp, A.A., Healy, G.N., Winkler, E., Clark, B.K., Gardiner, P.A., Owen, N. and Dunstan, D.W., 2012. Prolonged sedentary time and physical activity in workplace and non-work contexts: a cross-sectional study of office, customer service and call centre employees.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,9(1), p.128.

A Sample Rubric For the High School Transcript

A Sample Rubric For the High School TranscriptA sample rubric for the high school transcript can have some very important things in common with a sample rubric for an undergraduate essay. The high school transcript includes all of the credits you earned during your time in high school, as well as any extra credit courses that you may have taken. In the case of an undergraduate course, these include courses that you took to earn your undergraduate degree.Unlike the high school transcript, the undergraduate essay does not include all of the credits that you earned. You will receive a summary report from your institution, which includes both the credits and the grades you earned. You may be required to include this report in your college application. In addition, your essay will contain all of the information that is required for both the high school and the undergraduate transcript.However, a sample rubric for the high school transcript will be much more specific than a sample rubric f or an undergraduate essay. First, the high school transcripts will include all of the credits that you earned, as well as all of the credits that you did not earn. While this is useful for creating a roadmap for your high school career, it may not be the most effective form of advice for the college admissions process. The point of both the high school and the undergraduate transcripts is to give the prospective student a rough idea of how the credit will be assessed by the admission committee.In addition, the total number of credits that you earn is an important element of the admission process. The total number of credits you will earn is calculated by dividing the number of credits that you earn by the number of hours you spend in college, whichever is greater. In the case of the high school transcript, the number of credits is usually included in the high school report.Finally, an example of a sample rubric for the high school transcript and an example of a sample rubric for the undergraduate transcript are essentially the same. Both of these documents are available online, and both include all of the credits that you earned and any extra credits that you earned during your high school career. The difference between the two is that the college application has the potential to include a much greater number of credits than the high school application does.However, the amount of credits that you can choose to include in your college application is usually limited to the number of credits that you already have earned. This is the case for both high school and undergraduate transcripts. In the case of the high school transcript, the overall number of credits is measured by the number of hours that you spent in school, regardless of whether you completed those credits in high school or in college.In the case of the undergraduate transcript, however, the level of academic attainment is measured by the total number of credits that you earn. Because the undergradua te transcript contains the information that is required for both the high school and the undergraduate transcript, the undergraduate transcript provides an accurate picture of the cumulative academic achievements of the student.These differences are important to remember when applying for admission to college or university, but in the case of the high school transcript, the difference can be even more significant. If you are serious about achieving a higher education, a sample for the high school transcript can be just the ticket that you need to improve your chances for admission. All you need to do is follow the instructions that accompany the sample and take the time to review it closely.

What Does Education Mean in a Persons Life free essay sample

For some though, Academics subjects are interesting and learning comes easily. From all areas of the spectrum, education is important and you should do the best you can. Now, one persons best is always going to be different from anothers. It would be unrealistic to think that we can all achieve the same things. It is the variety in life that makes us interesting people. Achieving academically is one thing but without other life skills it can be devalued.When our children are in their formative years we need to help guide them to be well rounded young people. It is no good spending your life with your nose in a book if you never interact with your contemporaries. All that knowledge you attain from your books needs to be shared and used, and to do this successfully you need character. All through our lives we are building our character. We will write a custom essay sample on What Does Education Mean in a Persons Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some do it better than others because some are guided better than others.If you have ood role models it is inevitable that some of those traits will show as you get older. Activities that encourage character building are as important as traditional academic subjects. Taking part in sports that make you contribute as part of a team or show leadership skills are valuable pastimes. Getting involved in a community project will develop another side of your character. So, whatever you think education is, dont forget that our life skills are just as important as our academic achievements.

Preparation of 1 Bromobutane Essays

Preparation of 1 Bromobutane Essays Preparation of 1 Bromobutane Paper Preparation of 1 Bromobutane Paper The aim of the experiment is to produce 1 Bromobutane, an alkane within the bromine group on the terminal group.Chemical SafetyChemicalHazardsSafety measuresSodium BromideNo hazardsNoneButan 1 olHarmful vapour, in liquid state chemical is harmful to skin, can be absorbed and cause internal damage. Flammable.Wear goggles and gloves.If spilled ventilate area and wash contact area.Sulphuric AcidVery Corrosive to eyes, skin and materials.Wear gloves and goggles.For large spillage spread sodium carbonate on spill and wash with waterIf contact with skin occurs wash with water.Sodium HydroxideCorrosive.Skin contact harmful.Solution can cause burns.Very dangerous to eyes.Wear cloves and goggles.If contact with skin or eyes occurs wash thoroughly with water.DiagramMethod* Set the equipment up as shown above (picture 1)* Dissolve 8g of sodium bromide in 10cm3 of pure water and stir to create a homologous solution* Add the sodium bromide to 7 cm3 of butan-1-ol in a 50 cm3 pear shaped flask. To this then add 10 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid 1 cm3 at a time.* Mix the solution together by swirling the beaker and then cool under a running tap.* Attach the pear shaped flask to the remainder of the set up equipment and heat until the contents are boiling gently. To prevent over heating use a small Bunsen burner and a gauze.(N.b As the gas given of at this stage of the reaction is hydrogen bromide the experiment must either be carried out in a fume cupboard)* Reflux the solution for half an hour and then re-set the equipment up for direct distillation as shown above (picture B).* Distil the liquid in the flask using a small Bunsen burner. When no more oily drops are obtained stop the distillation. Do not distil the liquid to dryness for the saftey reasons outlined in the hazards table above.* Leave the distillate to settle into two layers, an upper aqueous layer and a lower alkyl bromide layer.* Separate the layers with a separating funnel, disca rding the top layer.* This leaves the alkyl bromide layer, which is still full of impurities. These include unchanged butan 1 ol, water, hydrogen bromide, bromine and sulphur dioxide.* To purify the alkyl bromide layer transfer the liquid into a separating funnel. Mix the compound with 10 cm3 of pure water, again leave the solution to settle and separate the two layers.* Now mix the bottom layer with 10 cm3 of 2 molar sodium hydroxide. This is to remove the acidic impurities and bromine.* Once the solution has settled run the bottom layer of the solution off into a dry conical flask, and add several pieces of anhydrous calcium chloride.* The liquid will turn cloudy due to the suspended droplets of water. To get rid of these allow the liquid to dry for about ten minutes, swirling the flask occasionally until the liquid becomes clear.* When clear filter the liquid through cotton wool into another clear dry 50 cm3 pear-shaped flask. Add a small amount of powdered pumice and distil, c ollecting the 1 bromobutane that will boil of between 99à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and 103à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. This will produce a yield of about 7g or 5.5 cm3, which is 65% of the theoretical yield.EquationC4H9OH + NaBr + H2SO4 = C4H9Br + NaHSO4 + H2OMechanismThe first stage of the reaction the sodium bromide reacts with sulphuric acid and forms hydrogen bromide and sodium hydrogen sulphate:NaBr + H2SO4 = HBr + NaHSO4The hydrogen bromide is then oxidised to bromine molecules due to the fact that concentrated sulphuric acid is a very good oxidising agent. The sulphuric acid reacts to form sulphur dioxide gas:HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + 2SO2 (g)During the next stage of the reaction the hydrogen bromide dissociates and the bromide ion from it attacks the Carbon atom with the -OH function group in Butan-1-ol and displaces the -OH function group forming a bromo function group and a hydroxide ion. This bromo group then associates itself with another H+ ion to form water:CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + Br- CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + OH-In the final stage a molecule of sulphuric acid attacks the lone pair on an -OH function group. This releases a molecule of water, and a mixture of Butoxybutane and But-1-ene is formed, along with the regenerated Sulphuric Acid:CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + H2SO4 CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2O + H2SO4or2 CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + H2SO4 CH3(CH2)3O(CH2)3CH3 + H2O + H2SO4ResultsMass of NaBr in pot = 11.47gMass of pot = 3.49gMass of Sodium Bromide = 7.98gMass of collecting beaker = 54.25gMass of distillation and beaker = 58.47gMass of 1 bromobutane collected = 4.22gYield ObtainedTheoretical yield = (moles of limiting reagent)(stoichiometric ratio; desired product/limiting reagent)(Mr of desired product)= (0.0941 mole)(1 mole / 1 mole)(137.03g/ mole)= 12.9gActual mass gained = 4.22gTherefore actual yield = (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) x 100= (4.22/12.9) x 100= 32.7%ConclusionFrom my experiment I have found out that the practical yield of 1 bromobutane when made from butan 1 ol, is a lot lower than the theoretical yield, which was stated in a textbook. This difference in yields could be caused by several reasons most of which are down to human error. The first of these human errors could have occurred whilst the liquids were being decanted from one another, at this stage some of the 1 bromobutane may have been left in the beaker and discarded as to keep the amount of impurities in the flask to a minimum. Another human error, which may have caused a lower yield, would be during direct distillation where the temperature may not have been kept between 99 and 103?c. This would have reduced the yield as the chemicals collected would not be pure and therefore the yield would not be as large. A final human error may have occurred whilst waiting for the substance to dry after the anhydrous calcium chloride has been added, this would have caused a reduced yield as again the substance which was final distilled would have been less pure. Therefore the amount of 1 bromobutane boiled off between the frac tions would have been lower than in the theoretical experiment.Another reason that the yield may have been lower other than human error would have been any impurities within the solutions, if these impurities did occur then the boiling temperatures of the substances might have been altered. This would effect the amount of substance that is collected in a fraction temperature range and have an overall effect on the final yield. A final reason the practical yield may have been smaller than the theoretical yield is that the reactants may not have been mixed together at optimum conditions, which would reduce the rate of reaction and therefore reduce the final yield.When running the experiment two changes were made, the first was that instead of using potassium bromide as first planned sodium bromide was used. This is because sodium bromide was easier to get a hold of and was more likely to give a decent yield of 1 bromobutane at the end of the experiment. Another change that was made wa s that at the first distillation, instead of waiting for all the oily drops to fall the only fraction collected was that which boiled of between 99 to 103?c, the boiling point of 1 bromobutane. This increased the accuracy of the experiment as instead of using qualitative information to decide when to stop distilling the liquid we were using quantitative, making the distil more accurate.Overall however the experiment produced a decent yield of bromobutane even though it was not as high as that worked out in the theoretical experiment.EvaluationOverall I feel that the experiment went well as the final yield produced was at least half of the theoretical yield. However there were a few sources of error and these have been highlighted in the conclusion.There are several ways that some of these problems could have been eradicated, and therefore the final yield would have been even greater. One of the easiest problems would have been to use sensors during distillation to record the tempera ture this would mean that fewer impurities would have been boiled off by accident. Also by setting up the experiment so it was easier to change between conical flasks would reduce that amount of distil which was missed during the change over. Another improvement to increase the yield would be to run the experiment at optimum conditions, which would promote a faster rate of reaction due to more collisions occurring and therefore more products being formed and a higher yield being collected.A final improvement to gain a higher yield would be to have allowed the solution to dry for longer this again would cut out some more impurities and therefore increase the yield. This was not done during the actual exam as time was running out and instead of letting the solution settle and then filter out the solid, the solution was allowed to settle and then the clear layers were removed and placed into the pear shaped flask using a pipette.Even though there were some areas in which the experiment could have been improved I feel that the experiment went to a decent degree of accuracy and this is shown by the fact that I got quite a large percent of the theoretical yield in my practical yield.

Does war give the right to kill The study of the character of Elisha Essay

Does war give the right to kill The study of the character of Elisha in Dawn by Elie Wiesel - Essay Example Another friend, and fellow terrorist, Ilana approaches Gad to comfort him. She states, "Don't torture yourself, Gad. This is war" (151). In both f these instances we see the members f this terrorist cell justifying their actions, and their opponents for the matter, as being a mere act f war. Thus, this leads us to an undeniable question: are actions f violence, terrorism for that matter, justifiable in a state f war On the side f the terrorists, yes, using unfair and excessively violent tactics are quite acceptable. Acceptable to the point where basically anything goes, despite who is affected; be they military personnel or innocent civilians just trying to make their way in the world. Its war, pain and simple. However, on the opposite end f the spectrum, namely that f civilized nations, we find that there are certain rules to war, or a code f conduct if you will. Killing an unarmed man because you were given the orders to is not war, especially if the victim knows not why they are being executed. Weisel shows us a situation in Dawn where Elisha is a few seconds to snuffing the life out f John Dawson, the terrorist's captive. John Dawson says, "I'm smiling because all f a sudden it has occurred to me that I don't know why I am dying. Do you" (203). Clearly Elisha and John Dawson had no concrete idea as to why John Dawson was to be killed. So, how can this be justified as an act f war when both the killer and the victim do not know the motives for their dispute It simply can't. One can also find that this story presents the reader with a provocative warning. One can find find that this tale warns us against naive actions, and where these decisions can lead. In Dawn this concept is illustrated by Weisel when Elisha states, "I was the Executioner. And I was eighteen years old. Eighteen years, f study and rebellion, and they all added up to this" (139-140). We see here that Elisha clearly knew he was going to play the role f executioner, but one may feel that he was unprepared. One may say that Elisha knew that he was to be killing people, be they innocents or military personnel, at the time he accepted the offer which Gad presented him with. However, one may also find that this Execution he will have to commit came f great surprise. Despite his past experience on the field f battle, nothing could prepare himself for the coming event. Even aside from this fictional story, this situation is quite prominent even in reality. When one has to look into the eyes f another man and realize that they will have to kill that person, one will find it very hard to eventually squeeze the trigger and snuff the life essence from the other. Elisha states in a conversation with Ilana when she asks if he is afraid, " I'm afraid that he'll make me laugh. You see Ilana, he's quite capable f swelling up his head and letting it burst into a thousand pieces, just in order to make me laugh" (175). Elisha is clearly afraid f having to kill a man if he gets to know him. Its one thing to kill a person without ever knowing the person on a personal level. However, it's a totally different situation when faced with having to exterminate a person who you have gotten to know. So, in conclusion, this warning Wiesel presents us is very profound. He warns f the dangers f uninformed decisions. All in all, when reading Dawn Wiesel presents us

Which are the significant changes we can observe archaeologically Essay

Which are the significant changes we can observe archaeologically between the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age and when would you place them in absolute chronological terms - Essay Example rich Schliemann excavated Mycenae, with Homer as his guide, uncovering traces of a powerful warrior society—with sites like Tiryns, Gla, and Orchomenos, surrounded by massive walls. Connecting these two civilizations was a series of tablets, written in so-called Linear B, which was translated by Michael Ventris in 1954. It is now clear that mainland Greeks occupied Cnossos, rebuilding it and residing there long enough to recreate the great palatial society. However, after the collapse of Minoa, Mycenaean power declined rapidly; a short time after 1,200 b.c., a series of events occurred which have been hotly contested in Ancient Greek archaeology. What caused the collapse of this great Bronze Age civilization? Some have suggested that it was a natural disaster, such as a volcanic eruption, or even a tidal wave. Others have suggested that invasions and military conquests brought an end to Mycenae. And yet another proposal is that internal revolts destroyed societies too fragile to resist. Answering this question of what happened to Mycenae is essential to answering the larger question of how we differentiate the Late Bronze Age from the Early Iron Age, or, what shall hereafter be called the â€Å"Dark Ages† of Ancient Greece. An examination of the passage of the Bronze Age will require a detailed examination of the vastly profound changes in Greek culture which occurred between 1,200 and 700 b.c. These changes concern a multitude of different aspects of such a culture, including political, religious, artistic, and philosophical changes brought on by the unknown disaster which occurred and launched Ancient Greece into dark times. It would also be instructive, in examining this transition, to look at the speed of recovery; that is, the time it took for Ancient Greece to return to a state of political and cultural stability. In doing so, we will draw a connection between the Early and later portions of the Iron Age: the birth of panhellenism. Nevertheless, it is the